Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

Magistrates (sometimes also called Justice of peace), (they number is more than 20 000) are mostly unprofessional lawyers  sometimes without an appropriate degree. They usually try cases in a board which consists of 2 or 3 people(?). Paid magistrates ( magistrates that get paid) are appointed from layers and they try cases alone. Some magistrates  courts can get a right to hear cases deal with juvenile issues.

When they hear a juvenile issue the board should include 1 or 2  female judge(women who are judges). This court hears cases about juvenile’s cases and people under the age 21.

The British Parliament

Besides the monarch, the central government of Great Britain includes the Parliament and the cabinet of ministers. The parliament is the oldest representative institution of Britain, which exists since 13^th century. Officially, the parliament originated in 1265. At first it was a representative organ for nobles and magnates, and then since 17^th century contained representatives of the burgesses. As the monarchy became weak with time, the powers of the Crown were passed on to the Parliament. At that time not only bourgeois parliamentarism was born, but also the two-party system was established.

The House of Commons is elected for 5 years, but it may extend its terms of office to any period by issuing an act. The House of Commons can be dissolved before the expiry of the legal term by a monarch’s act on the advice of the government.

The chief officer of the House of Commons is the Speaker, who is elected by the ruling party. The Speaker does not participate in the voting and is formally independent of his party, but he is given many rights. He has the right to suspend the Speaker, to reject the claims to the government, to stop the discussion of any issue, if such discussion threatens the reputation of the monarch or the government.

The House of Commons has legal powers if it has 40 members. The sessions last during most of the year with adjournments in fall and winter.

The right of the legislative initiative in the House of Commons belongs to the members of the Parliament, but in reality this right is executed by the government. The bills presented in the Parliament have to pass through 3 readings. During the first reading the bill is simply introduced and read for the first time. After that the House of Commons decides whether the bill should proceed to second reading.

The second reading is the debate on the general principles of the bill. After the detailed examination of the bill by a standing committee the third reading is conducted. During the third reading some minor amendments are made to the bill, and then the voting procedure is held. Members voting ‘Aye’ go out of the chamber through the door on the right of the Speaker, those voting ‘No’ pass into the lobby on the left. The tellers, two at each door, count the members and then the Speaker announces the voting results.

The bill that passed through all the stages becomes the Act of the Parliament and should receive the Royal Assent before it becomes the law.