Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

TRAVELLING BY AIR

There are many kinds of aircraft: Transcontinental flights are made in giant jet planes, some of which can carry several hundred passengers on each flight. Smaller jets are commonly used on the shorter, more heavily traveled routes between major centers of population - Paris-London, for example. Propeller planes are slower and smaller than the jets (are used into small airports that cannot handle the big planes)

Airline passenger service can be divided into scheduled and non-scheduled flights. A scheduled flight leaves at the same time on the same day to the same destination. The schedule is published in the timetable. The passenger can make a reservation in advance for a scheduled flight with the reasonable expectation that the flight will go to a certain place regardless of the number of passengers. A non-scheduled flight, on the other hand, depends on the availability of passengers and aircraft. These flights are often called charters. Charters are especially popular with groups on vacation since they usually cost much less than scheduled flights on the same routes.

On the flight itself, there is usually a distinction between first class and economy class. The first class passenger has more space and receives more in-flight service. In most modern jets, the seating plan in the first class is usually two seats on each side of the aisle; in economy there are usually three seats side by side. The first class seats are usually farther apart so that the passenger has more room for his legs.

In the airport:

Every airport must have certain minimum facilities: a runway, some sort of passenger area, and space for whatever technical services are necessary. Amost all airports are at some distance from the city that they serve. The passenger can get to most airports by public transportation - buses, subways and taxis. Buses ans subways are usually inconvenient, especially for a passenger burdened with a load of baggage; taxis are often expensive. Therefore, many airlines have special bus service to carry the passengers to the airport.

The nomal check-in time for international flights is an hour before the scheduled time of departure. Some airports have a huge board that shows the status of all flights, both outgoing and incoming.

Almost all airports throughout the world have preboarding security checks. These procedures usually consist of a baggage search and some sort of personal search for concealed weapons.

In most countries the domestic passenger comes to the airport, presents his ticket at the airline counter, checks in his baggage, and boards his flight.

The international passenger, on the other hand, goes through a much more complicated process. Almost all countries have at least three formalities through which the arriving international passenger must pass. They include passport and visa control, health control, and customs inspection of the passenger's baggage. There are also some forms that the passenger must fill out. The most customary of these forms would be the disembarkation card that the passenger usually fill out on departure - and a customs declaration. If a traveller has any item which comes under customs restrictions, he is asked to declare it. As a rule personal effects are duty-free. It sometimes happens that a

passenger's laggage is carefully searched in order to prevent smuggling. Only after going through the customs (where the passenger's luggage has been cleared by the customs officers) a traveller is free to go to a hotel or another place.

Дополнительная  лексика:

To exceed a duty-free allowance – превысить таможенную квоту

Board the flight –  сесть в самолет

The list of prohibited and permitted articles – список запрещенных и разрешенных к провозу товаров

To pay customs duty – заплатить таможенную пошлину

TRAVELLING BY SEA

Sea travel has developed from unpredictable voyages under sail to the latest luxury cruise ships and fast ferries. There are many ways of travelling by sea.

Liner passengers: Sea travel reached its highest level of speed and luxury in the passenger liners that offered regular services across the oceans.

The introduction of steam in the early nineteenth century meant a revolution in sea travel. More and more passengers began to make voyages, because they could now do business abroad, or could see a new country. As travel grew more popular, shipowning companies competed for passengers. Speed and luxury were considered the most important factors in attracting business. In first class, decoration, catering, service and accommodation was at least as good as in the best hotels on shore.  So travel became a pleasurable experience - as long as the weather was kind!  Until the 1950s, the big passenger liners remained unchallenged.  Then, however, long-distance jet aircraft arrived.  Despite the glamour of sea travel, most North Atlantic passengers quickly opted for a seven-hour flight over a seven-day sea voyage.  By the early sixties, more people were flying than crossing by sea: the day of the passenger ship as a liner was over.  Cruise ships have continued many of the traditions of the liners. 

Cruise passengers: The growth of air travel meant a decline in the number of passengers making liner voyages. The answer was to send the ships cruising. Their splendid accommodation, excellent service and fine cuisine would appeal to passengers going to sea just for pleasure.

A cruise needed to visit scenic places and towns and ports near cities that appealed to the tourists. For the majority of cruises, the objective is a new port every day, with shore excursions to places of tourist interest.  The Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Baltic provide excellent opportunities for this sort of cruise.  Good food and plenty of it is a high priority.  High-class entertainment is provided in the evenings.  As well as cinemas, cruise ships will often have a theatre on board, and a casino. Smaller ships have been built for specialist cruises.  These may take people on more adventurous voyages.  Perhaps the classic examples are cruises to the Antarctic and the Antarctic islands, from ports in Chile and or Argentina.  Such cruises are particularly appealing to those who enjoy bird watching or other aspects of natural history. 

Ferry passengers: For many, a ferry crossing is their first, and perhaps their only, experience of going to sea. Like passenger liners, ferries were transformed by steam. Unlike liners, they have survived and grown bigger and faster than ever.  

Today the conventional, passenger-only ferry is the exception. At the same time, the vehicle ferry goes from strength to strength. On major routes they have grown to the same size as ocean-going passenger liners. Even on short crossings, they offer the passenger a range of facilities, including shops, bars, cafes, restaurants, gaming machines, and play areas for children.

Дополнительная  лексика:

Dock – причалить к пирсу

Landing stage – причал

To be sea-sick – укачиваться

To lower a ladder - спустить трап