Учебная практика (устный и письменный переводчик)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3. Аннотация и реферат фрагмента статьи «A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests»

3.1 Аннотация

 

The subject-matter of the article is the recent growth of tree mortality caused by droughts and heat stress. It states the reasons and possible consequences of tree die-off. The author also reveals key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder ability to predict tree mortality.

 

3.2 Реферат

 

The text deals with drought and heat-induced tree mortality. Mention should be made of the main reasons of tree mortality. Greenhouse emissions, heat and water stress – all of them may cause tree die-off. It is noticed that it happens sometimes with no climate changes. The author underlines the fact that predictions of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms. It is important to understand risks of tree die-off to ecosystem services. Forest resources are of great human interest that is why it is important to study climate change impacts. The author concludes only improved and full information would support forest management.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4. Словарь

 

1. Aerial photography – аэросъемка
2. Anthropogenic  - антропогенный, вызванный деятельностью человека
3. Atlas cedar – кедр атласский
4. Beech – noun - бук
5. Biogeography of forest – география произрастания лесов
6. Biomass – noun - биомасса
7. Biotic agent – биотический агент
8. Biotic stress – биотический стресс
9. Boreal forest – лес бореальной зоны
10. Broadleaved – adj - широколиственный
11. Canopy – noun – растительный покров
12. Climate-induced changes – изменения, вызванные климатическим воздействием
13. Climate change – изменение климата
14. Climatic zone – климатическая зона
15. Conifer – adj –хвойный
16. Deciduous forest – лиственный лес с опадающей на зиму листвой
17. Die-off – noun – отмирание
18. Drought – noun – засуха
19. Evergreen – adj – вечнозеленый
20. Fir – noun - пихта
21. Forest ecosystem – лесная экосистема
22. Forest management – управление лесными ресурсами
23. Forest type – тип леса
24. Forest vigor – жизнеспособность леса
25. Greenhouse gas – парниковые газы
26. Ground-level ozone – приземной слой озона
27. Global climate – климат земного шара
28. Heat stress – Тепловой стресс
29. Heat wave – период аномальной жары
30. Hydrological cycle – круговорот воды в природе
31. Hurricane – noun - ураган
32. Ice storm – ледяной дождь
33. Insect outbreak – вспышка численности насекомых
34. Mainland – noun – материк
35. Maple – noun - клен
36. Mezic –adj – мезонный, приспособленный к умеренной влажности
37. Mountain acacia – горная акация
38. Mean temperature – средняя температура
39. Oak – noun - дуб
40. Pine - сосна
41. Population level – численность популяции
42. Precipitation - осадки
43. Remote sensing – удаленное зондирование
44. Savanna – Саванна
45. Seasonal – adj – сезонный
46. Sea surface temperature – температура поверхности моря
47. Seedling – noun – древесные всходы
48. Spatial scale – пространственный масштаб
49. Species – noun – порода
50. Spruce – noun - ель
51. Stand – древостой
52. Sub-humid – adj – субгумидный, засушливый
53. Temperate forest – лес умеренного пояса
54. Tornado – noun - торнадо
55. Tree mortality – гибель дерева
56. Trigger – verb – инициировать, провоцировать
57. Tropical forest – тропический лес
58. Watershed protection – водоохранные и почвоохранные мероприятия на водосборе
59. Water stress – недостаток воды
60. Woodland – лесистая местность

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Приложение

 

ABSTRACT

Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered  global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases in the frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought and heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter the composition, structure, and biogeography of forests in many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases in tree mortality associated with climate-induced physiological stress and interactions with other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks and wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms, and there has been no attempt to track observations of climatedriven tree mortality globally. Here we present the first global assessment of recent tree mortality attributed to drought and heat stress.

Although episodic mortality occurs in the absence of climate change, studies compiled here suggest that at least some of the world’s forested ecosystems already may be responding to climate change and raise concern that forests may become increasingly vulnerable to higher background tree mortality rates and die-off in response to future warming and drought, even in environments that are not normally considered waterlimited. This further suggests risks to ecosystem services, including the loss of sequestered forest carbon and associated atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder our ability to predict tree mortality in response to climate change and emphasizes the need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, our review reveals the potential for amplified tree mortality due to drought and heat in forests worldwide.

1. Introduction

Forested ecosystems are being rapidly and directly transformed by the land uses of our expanding human populations and economies. Currently less evident are the impacts of ongoing climate change on the world’s forests. Increasing emissions of greenhouse gases are now widely acknowledged by the scientific community as a major cause of recent increases in global mean temperature (about 0.5 8C since 1970) and changes in the world’s hydrological cycle (IPCC, 2007a), including a widening of the Earth’s tropical belt (Seidel et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009). Even under conservative scenarios, future climate changes are likely to include further increases in mean temperature (about 2–4 8Cglobally) with significant drying in some regions (Christensen et al., 2007; Seager et al., 2007), as well as increases in frequency and severity of extreme droughts, hot extremes, and heat waves (IPCC, 2007a; Sterl et al., 2008).

Understanding and predicting the consequences of these climatic changes on ecosystems is emerging as one of the grand challenges for global change scientists, and forecasting the impacts on forests is of particular importance (Boisvenue and Running, 2006; Bonan, 2008). Forests, here broadly defined to include woodlands and savannas, cover 30% of the world’s land surface (FAO, 2006). Around the globe societies rely on forests for essential services such as timber and watershed protection, and less tangible but equally important recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits. The effects of climate change on forests include both positive (e.g. increases in forest vigor and growth from CO2 fertilization, increased water use efficiency, and longer growing seasons) and negative effects (e.g. reduced growth and increases in stress and mortality due to the combined impacts of climate change and climate-driven changes in the dynamics of forest insects and pathogens) (Ayres and Lombardero, 2000; Bachelet et al., 2003; Lucht et al., 2006; Scholze et al., 2006; Lloyd and Bunn, 2007). Furthermore, forests are subject to many other human influences such as increased ground-level ozone and deposition (Fowler et al., 1999; Karnosky et al., 2005; Ollinger et al., 2008). Considerable uncertainty remains in modeling how these and other relevant processes will affect the risk of future tree die-off events, referred to hereafter as ‘forest mortality’, under a changing climate (Loehle and LeBlanc, 1996; Hanson and Weltzin, 2000; Bugmann et al., 2001). Although a range of responses can and should be expected, recent cases of increased tree mortality and die-offs triggered by drought and/or high temperatures raise the possibility that amplified forest mortality may already be occurring in some locations in response to global climate change.

Examples of recent die offs are particularly well documented for southern parts of Europe (Penũelas et al., 2001; Breda et al., 2006; Bigler et al., 2006) and for temperate and boreal forests of western North America, where background mortality rates have increased rapidly in recent decades (van Mantgem et al., 2009) and widespread death of many tree species in multiple forest types has affected well over 10 million ha since 1997 (Raffa et al., 2008). The common implicated causal factor in these examples is elevated temperatures and/or water stress, raising the possibility that the world’s forests are increasingly responding to ongoing warming and drying.

This paper provides an overview of recent tree mortality due to climatic water stress and warm temperatures in forests around the globe. We identify 88 well-documented episodes of increased mortality due to drought and heat and summarize recent literature on forest mortality and decline. From this review we examine the possibility of emerging mortality risks due to increasing temperatures and drought. Climate as a driver of tree mortality is also reviewed, summarizing our scientific understanding of mortality processes as context for assessing possible relationships between changing climate and forest conditions. Note that while climatic events can damage forests in many ways ranging from ice storms to tornadoes and hurricanes, our emphasis is on climate-induced physiological stress driven by drought and warm temperatures. The ecological effects of increased mortality in forests and the associated consequences for human society remain largely unassessed. We conclude by outlining key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently limit our ability to determine trends in forest mortality and predict future climate-induced forest dieoff. Addressing these gaps would provide improved information to support policy decisions and forest management worldwide.

1 В данной статье определение «лес» включает в себя лесистые местности и саванны, которые покрывают 30% земной поверхности.