Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

Objects are grouped into prepositional and non-prepositional.

Prof. Pocheptsov singles out the following types of objects:

- Object object (дополнение объекта) is a sentence member dependent on

the verb, adjective or a word of the category of state that denotes an object of

action or of quality. It can be prepositional or non-prepositional.

- Addressee object (дополнение адресата) denotes a person or an object to

which some action performed by the subject (if the verb is in the Active Voice) is

directed.

e.g. I called her.

prepositional: I sent a letter to her.

non-prepositional: I sent her a letter.

- Subject object (дополнение субъекта) is used with a verb in Passive and

denotes the doer of the action expressed by the verb. It is always prepositional –

by/with N

31.Actual division of sentence.

The sentence can be divided into two sections –  theme

and rheme.

The theme is the part of the proposition that is being talked about

(predicated). The theme expresses the starting point of communication; it means

that it denotes an object or a phenomenon about which something is reported. Once

stated, the theme is therefore "old news", i.e. the things already mentioned and

understood.

The

rheme expresses the basic informative part of the communication,

emphasizing its contextually relevant centre. Between the theme and the rheme

are positioned intermediary, transitional parts of the actual division of various

degrees of informative value (these parts are sometimes called "transition").

33. Word order in the English sentence.

The direct object is usually placed after the verb unless the indirect object precedes it, e.g. He offered me his help. Sometimes the object is pushed to the front of the sentence, it occurs when:

1. The direct object is an interrogative word, which is naturally placed at the head of the sentence to form a special question, e.g. What did you do?
2. The object is separated from its verb by some other parts of the sentence – adverbial complements, prepositional objects – when it is intentionally placed at the end of the sentence for the sake of emphasis, logical stress, e.g. And unexpectedly he saw against the background of the forest two approaching figures.

The indirect object cannot be used in the sentence without the direct object. The indirect object is regularly put before the direct object. The prepositional objects can be put at the head of the sentence for the sake of emphasis.

34. Secondary parts of sentence: adverbial modifier.

It is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence

expressed by a verb, a verbal noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and serving to

characterise an action or a property as to its quality or intensity, or to indicate the

way an action is done, the time, place, cause, purpose, or condition, with which the

action or the manifestation of the quality is connected.

Adverbial modifier is characterized by mostly free distribution. It can be a

constituent of any sentence.

35.Pseudo-sentences, substitution, representation.

Pseudo-sentences -they are correct grammatical but have nothing to do with reality:

All the students are ready for the seminar ( grammatically correct, reality-wrong)

Substitution (замещение) is a use of words with generalized structural

meaning instead of words and constructions with specific meaning which were

mentioned earlier.

Ex. I don’t need a winter coat a need a spring one

Representation (репрезентация) consists in using a part of some syntactic

unit representing the whole unit.

e.g. Could you help me? – I will be happy to.

36.Predicativity, ways of expressing predicativity.

There are 2 ways of expressing predicativity: verbal and verbles(безглагольн)

In verbal sentences the main means in expressing predicativity is category of tense and mood

In verbless – predicativity is expressed implicitly (скрытно) Through the correlation with the situation of reality: if we return for several minutes, ‘bad news’

37.Types of adverbial clauses and the criteria of their definition.

Of time, of place – We met in the room where we planned

These are adverbal clauses of concession, course,result,condition,purpose

38. Parts of two-member sentences.

The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent. 

 

40.Secondary parts of sentences: attribute.

Attribute is a dependent element of a nominative phrase that denotes an

attributive quality of an object expressed by a noun. It is a secondary part of the

sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantival

pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivised word, and characterizing the

thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

According to the position relative to the head word, attributes can be

prepositive and postpositive.

41. Principle parts of sentence: subject.

The subject is the principal part of a two-member sentence which is grammatically independent of the other parts of the sentence and on which the second principal part (the predicate) is grammatically dependent. The subject can denote a living being, a lifeless thing or an idea. The subject can be expressed by a single word or a group of words. Thus it can be expressed by: 
1. A noun in the common case (including substantivized adjectives and participles) or a nominal phrase with a noun. 
e.g. A great number of trees were felled. 
2. A personal pronoun in the nominative case. 
e.g. I shall do the best I can. 
3. Any other noun-pronouns.

e.g. Who told you this? 
4. A numeral (either cardinal or ordinal) or a nominal phrase with a nu meral. 
e.g. Seven can’t be divided by two. 
5. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase. 
e.g. To understand is to forgive. 
6. A gerund or a gerundial phrase. 
e.g. Working for someone keeps a woman calm and contented.

43. The place of the secondary parts of sentence in the sentence.

Specifiers- so they make a distinct secondary part of the sentence.

Connectives – linking-words considered as a secondary aprt of the sentence. 

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word

The Object is a secondary part of the sentence expressed by a verb, a noun, a substantival pronoun, an adjective, a numeral, or an adverb.