Universalism vs. Particularism

Universalism vs. Particularism

 

• "requires that the maxims be chosen as  
  though they should hold as universal laws of nature“ - Immanuel Kant

 

• universalist societies :rules and obligations
• standards : the “right” ones
• change the attitudes of others

Universalism

 

• Universalism is the belief in:
• rules or laws that can be applied to everyone;
• agreements and contracts are used as the basis for doing business;
• rules are used to determine what is right;
• contracts should not be altered.
• Countries

 

 

 

- USA - Australia - Germany - United Kingdom - Netherlands

- Czech Republic - Slovakia - Belgium France …

Particularism

 

• “It all depends”
• Particularism is the belief in:
• placing emphasis on friendships and looking at the situation to determine what is right or ethically acceptable;
• deals are made based upon friendships;
• agreements are changeable;
• different people hold different views about reality.
• Pariticularism Countries

 

*** Interesting tip: Universalism and economy

 

Country	Universalism	HDI
Norway	97	0.943
Switzerland	96	0.903
USA	93	0.910
UK	91	0.863
Austria	90	0.885
Netherlands	89	0.910
Germany	87	0.905
Avg.	91.86	0.903

 

HDI: Human Development Index

Neutral vs. Affective

 

Emotion

 

reason

 

NEUTRAL

 

AFFECTIVE

Neutral vs. Affective

 

• .

 

 

 

 

 

 

• Levels of feelings | Levels of expressions

 

• Permissible use of humour

 

 

 

VS.

Intercultural communication

 

• Verbal communication styles

 

 

 

• Tone of voice