The Nobel medal for Physics

The Nobel medal for Physics

 

According to Charters of the Nobel Fund from June 29, 1900: "Establishments awarding by the Nobel Prize should provide to each winner a monetary prize, the diploma, and a gold medal on which Alfred Nobel is represented and the corresponding inscription" is executed.

 

 

 

 

 

Medals of awards on physics were designed by the Swedish sculptor and engraver Eric Lindberg.

 

The inscription on medals says: "Inventas vitam juvat excoluisse per artes".

 

Nobel Prize on physics — the highest award for scientific achievements in the field of the physics, annually awarded by the Nobel committee in Stockholm on December 10.

According to the charter of the Nobel fund nominate candidates the following persons can:

- members of Royal Swedish academy of Sciences;

- members of the Nobel committees on physics and chemistry;

- winners of Nobel Prizes in the field of physics and chemistry;

- constantly and temporarily working professors of physics and chemistry of universities and technical colleges of Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and also the Stockholm Carolinian institute;

- managers of the relevant chairs, at least, at six universities or the institutes chosen by Academy of Sciences;

- other scientists from whom the Academy will consider it necessary to accept offers.

Cherenkov's main works are devoted to physical optics, nuclear physics, physics of particles of high energy. In 1934 found a specific blue luminescence of transparent liquids at radiation by the fast charged particles. Showed difference of this type of radiation from fluorescence.

 

Was born on July 15 1904, in the village New Chigla Bobrovsky of the district of the Voronezh province. Soviet physicist, double winner of the Stalin award. The Nobel prize winner on physics for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect.

 

Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov.

Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank. Was born on October 10 1908, in St. Petersburg. The Soviet physicist, the Nobel prize winner (1958) for opening and interpretation of effect of Cherenkov (together with Cherenkov and Tamm), the winner of two Stalin awards (1946, 1953) and the State award USSR (1971).

Igor Evgenyevich Tamm. Was born on June 26, 1895, in Vladivostok. The Soviet physicist-theorist, the Nobel prize winner on physics (together with P.A.Cherenkovym and I.M. Frank, 1958), twice the winner of the Stalin award, the Hero of Socialist Work (1953).

Lev Davidovich Landau was born on January 9 1908, in Baku. The physicist-theorist, the founder of school of sciences, the academician of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (it is chosen in 1946). Winner of a medal of a name of Max Planck (1960), Fritz Londona's (1960) awards, Lenin (1962) and three Stalin (State) awards (1946, 1949, 1953), Hero of Socialist Work (1954).

 

The Nobel prize winner on physics of 1962 for pioneer theories of the condensed environments, in particular liquid helium.

Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov was born on December 14 1922, in the city of Usman, the Tambov province. The Soviet physicist, the Nobel prize winner on physics (1964) for fundamental works in the field of quantum electronics which led to creation of radiators and amplifiers on  a laser principle.

 

Basov's works are devoted to quantum electronics and its applications. Together with A.M.Prokhorov he established a principle of strengthening and generation of electromagnetic radiation by quantum systems that allowed to create in 1954 the first quantum generator on a bunch of molecules of ammonia.

Alexander Mikhaylovich Prokhorov, was born on July 11 1916, Aterton, the State of Queensland, Australia. The outstanding Soviet physicist, one of founders of the major direction of modern physics — quantum electronics, the Nobel prize winner on physics for 1964 (together with Nikolay Basovym and Charlz Townes), one of inventors of laser technologies.

Peter Leonidovich Kapitsa. (on June 26 1894, Kronstadt). Outstanding Soviet physicist. Academician of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939). Prominent organizer of a science. Founder of Institute of physical problems (IFP). One of founders of the Moscow physicotechnical institute. First head of the department of physics of low temperatures of physical faculty of the Moscow State University.

The Nobel prize winner on physics (1978) for opening of the phenomenon of superfluidity of liquid helium, entered the term "superfluidity" into 

                                    scientific use.

 

Kapitsa Peter Leonidovich (near the generator of a strong magnetic field)

 

It is known also for works in the field  of physics of low peratures, studying of superstrong magnetic fields and  deduction of high-temperature  plasma.

Jores Ivanovich Alfyorov (on March 15 1930, Vitebsk, Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR). The Soviet and Russian physicist, the Nobel prize winner on physics of 2000 for development of semi-conductor heterostructures and creation of fast optoelectronic and microelectronic components, the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the honorary member of National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, the foreign member of National academy of Sciences of Belarus, the honorary member of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Its researches played a big role in informatics development.

 

The deputy of the State Duma of the Russian Federation from the CPRF, was the initiator of establishment in 2002 of an award «Global energy».

Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov (on June 25 1928, Moscow) — the Soviet and American physicist, the Nobel prize winner on physics (2003) for creation of the theory of superconductivity of the second sort and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3.

 

The academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences. The main works are made in the field of physics of the condensed environments.

Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg (on September 21 1916) — the Soviet and Russian physicist-theorist, the academician of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1966 — 1991) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991 — 2009), the doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (1942), the Nobel prize winner on physics (2003) for creation of the theory of superconductivity of the second sort and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3. 

The main works on distribution of radio-waves, astrophysics, an origin of space beams, Vavilov's radiation — Cherenkova, physics of plasma, кристаллооптике, etc. The author about 400 scientific articles and about 10 monographs on theoretical physics, radio astronomy and physics of space beams.

Konstantin Sergeyevich Novosyolov (on August 23 1974, Nizhni Tagil, the USSR) — the Russian and British physicist. The Nobel prize winner on physics of 2010 (together with Andrey Geymom) for innovative experiments on research of a two-dimensional

material of a decanter.

 

The member of the London royal society (with 2011). Youngest of recent Nobel winners in all areas (as of 2010). On December 31, 2011 it was declared assignment to it ranks of the knight bachelor by the decree of queen Elizabeth II for merits before a science.

Sir Andrey Konstantinovich Geym (on October 21 1958, Sochi) — the Soviet, Netherlands and British physicist, the Nobel prize winner on physics of 2010 (together with Konstantin Novosyolov) for innovative experiments on research of a two-dimensional material of a decanter.

 

The member of the London royal society (with 2007), known first of all as one of pioneers of a decanter.

 

On December 31, 2011 the decree of queen Elizabeth the Second for merits before a science to it appropriated a rank of the knight bachelor with the official right to add to the name the title "sir".

The will made on November 27 by 1895 Alfredo Nobel, was declared in January 1897:

 

«All my personal and real estate should be turned by my executors into liquid values, and the capital collected thus is placed in reliable bank. The income of investments should belong to fund which will annually distribute them in the form of awards that who during previous year brought the greatest advantage to mankind … The specified percent are necessary for dividing into five equal parts which intend: one part — to the one who will make the most important discovery or the invention in the field of physics; another — to the one who will make the most important discovery or improvement in the field of chemistry; the third — to the one who will make the most important discovery in the field of physiology or medicine; the fourth — to the one who will create the most outstanding literary work of the idealistic direction; the fifth — to the one who brought the most essential contribution to unity of the nations, destruction of slavery or decrease in number of existing armies and assistance to carrying out the peace congresses … My special desire consists in that at award of awards the nationality of candidates …» wasn't taken into consideration

 

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