Шпаргалка по "Английскому языку"

After the Yuan Dynasty, the operatic style developed into the Painted Faces style of Chinese opera that was popular until modern times.

Guan Hanqing is one of the best playwrights of the times. Two novels are still widely read now and are generally considered two of the four greatest novels in Chinese literature. These are Water Margin and The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was written language by Luo Guan Zhong. It is historical fiction about the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms Period. The Three Kingdoms Period was between the Han and Tang eras. It is a long novel with 800,000 words.

Water Margin is about Song Dynasty the first 70 chapters were written by Shi Nai An and that the last 30 chapters were written by Luo Guan Zhong who was also the author of The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

A book that is one of the four great classics called Journey to the West about a monk going to India was written during this time. Novels were the era’s main contribution.

The Journey to the West is based on the historical journey of a Buddhist to India during the Tang era to learn Buddhist teachings and bring back scriptures and information. Journey to the West is thought to have been published anonymously by Wu Cheng'en. The book describes India as a land of gross sin and immorality, and the monk was commissioned by Buddha to help India. The characters in the book are well known to Chinese children

In the middle of this era, the last of China’s four great classic novels was written called Dream of the Red Chamber. It is probably mostly composed by Cao Xueqin.

 

Middle English (11th – 15th c.)

English is the second most spoken language in the world after Chinese. It is the language of science, aviation, computing, diplomacy and tourism. It is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken in the countries where it has no official status.

English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to Britain in the 5^th c by Germanic settlers from various parts of Germany.

In the period of Middle English the only new part of speech was the article. For a long time there were two written languages in England: Latin and French.

Middle English was influenced by both Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French. Anglo-Norman was a French dialect that had the basic Latin roots. A large number of Norman words were taken into Old English. English spelling was also influenced by Norman in the Middle English period, with the th sounds. English continued to be the language of the common people, most other literature from this period was in Old French or Latin. Most of Norman outside the royal court had switched to English. By the end of that century, even royal court had switched to English.

The influence of the Normans can be illustrated by looking at two words, beef and cow. Beef, commonly eaten by the aristocracy, derives from the Anglo-Norman, while the Anglo-Saxon commoners, who tended the cattle, retained the Germanic cow.

Sometimes French words replaced Old English words; crime replaced firen and uncle replaced eam. Other times, French and Old English components combined to form a new word, as the French gentle and the Germanic man formed gentleman. Other times, two different words with roughly the same meaning survive into modern English. Thus we have the Germanic doom and the French judgment, or wish and desire. This mixture of the two languages came to be known as Middle English.

The Middle English period came to a close around 1500 AD with the rise of Modern English.

 

 

 

Modern English (15^th – till nowadays)

English is the second most spoken language in the world after Chinese. It is the language of science, aviation, computing, diplomacy and tourism. It is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken in the countries where it has no official status.

English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to Britain in the 5^th c by Germanic settlers from various parts of Germany.

Early Modern English. (15^th – 18^th c.)

Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16^th c.), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English. In 17^th, the first English dictionary was published, the Table Alphabetical.

English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. As there are many words from different language and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high.

In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significant English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English language.

The dialect of London, where most publishing houses were located, became the standard. Spelling and grammar became fixed and finally, the printing press brought standardization to English.

Late Modern English(18^th – till nowadays)

The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Pronunciation, grammar, and spelling are largely the same, but Late English has many more words, arising from principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words. For this, English relied heavily on Latin and Greek. Words like oxygen, protein, nuclear, and vaccine did not exist in the classical languages, but they were created from Latin and Greek roots. Such neologisms were not exclusively created from classical roots though, English roots were used for such terms as horsepower, airplane, and typewriter.

This burst of neologisms continues today, perhaps most visible in the field of electronics and computers. Byte, cyber-, bios, hard-drive, and microchip are good examples.

Secondly, the rise of the British Empire and the growth of global trade served not only to introduce English to the world, but to introduce words into English and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries. For example shampoo (Hindi), sauna (Finnish), ketchup (Chinese), ect.

My favourite English writer

Literature is an important part of cultural life of any country. It reflects the history of the country, national character, and values of people. Literature of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is rich in outstanding novelists, poets, short-story writers, play-writers. The names of William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, Arthur Conan Doyle, William Thackeray are known all over the world.

But I would like to tell you about my favourite detective story writer Agatha Christie.

It's said that none of the British writers of our age enjoyed such popularity all over the world as Agatha Christie did. Her works were translated into many languages, and scores of films were made using them as the script. The name of Agatha Christie is a synonym for high-class detective story, as well as Pele is a symbol of football, and Marilyn Monroe is an embodiment of femininity. According to Agatha Christ* herself, she began to write just to imitate her sister whose stories had already been published in magazines. And suddenly Agatha Christie became famous as if by miracle.

Having lost her father at an early age, the prospective writer didn't receive even fairly good education. During the First World War she was a nurse, then she studied pharmacology. Twenty years later she worked in a military hospital at the beginning of the Second World War. The favourite personages of the "queen of detective story" are the detective Hercule Poirot and the sedate Miss Marple who carry out investigations in noisy London and delusive quiet countryside. The composition of her stories is very simple: a comparatively closed space with a limited number of characters, who are often plane or train passengers, tourists, hotel guests or residents of a cosy old village. Everyone is suspected!

Murders in the books of Agatha Christie are committed in most unsuitable places: in the vicar's garden or in an old abbey; corpses are found in someone's libraries being murdered with the help of tropical fishes, a poker, candelabra, a dagger or poison. Once Agatha Christie wrote: "Some ten years will pass after my death, and nobody will even remember me...". The writer was mistaken. Agatha Christie's novels are very popular now. People of all continents read and reread "The Oriental Express", "Ten Little Negroes", "The Bertram Hotel", "The Corpse in the library" and other of her novels time and again, enjoy films made by her works, and one can hardly find a country where people do not know her name.

 

Old English (5^th – 11^th c)

English is the second most spoken language in the world after Chinese. It is the language of science, aviation, computing, diplomacy and tourism. It is listed as the official or co-official language of over 45 countries and is spoken in the countries where it has no official status.

English is an Anglo-Frisian language brought to Britain in the 5^th c by Germanic settlers from various parts of Germany.

The history of the English language begins with the invasion of the British Isles by Germanic tribes in the 5^th c. of our era. The earliest inhabitants were the Celts. This was quickly displaced. Most of Celtic speakers were pushed into Wales, Cornwall and Scotland. The Roman occupation of Britain lasted nearly 400 years. The Germanic dialects combined to form what is now called Old English. The period from the 5^th till the 11^th c. is called Old English in the history in the history of the language. In the 8^th c. raiders from Scandinavia made their first attacks on England. The struggle of the English against the Scandinavia lasted over 300 years.

A most important role in the history of the English language was played by the introduction of Christianity. It gave a strong impulse to the growth of culture and learning. Monasteries were founded all over the country with monastic schools attached. Religious services and teaching were conducted in Latin. The introduction of Christianity added another wave of Latin and some Greek words.

The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is the epic poem “Beowulf” composed by an unknown poet.

Old English did not sound or look like Standard English of today. Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. The words – be, strong, water – for example, derive from Old English. Later, English was strongly influenced by Old Norse language, spoken by the Norsemen. The new and earliest settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family, many of their lexical roots were the same or similar.

The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender. English words of Old Norse origin include – anger, bag, both, hit, law, leg, same, skill, sky, take, they, ect.

The Old English period formally ended sometimes after the Norman conquest.