The disease the respiratory tract

State Medical University of Semey city 
Chair of Russian and foreign languages

 

                   

 

 

 

             SIW

    The disease the respiratory tract.

 

 

 

 

                                            Prepared by: student of 221 group

                                            General medicine faculty

                                            Kaliaskarova Zh. K.

                                            Checked by:

 

 

 

 

                  PLAN:

 

1. Symptoms

 

 

2. Diagnostic tests

 

 

3. Treatment

 

 

4. Respiratory diseases

 

 

5.        CONCLUSION

 

 

6.        REFERENCES

 

 

 

  

 

 

             

 

 

           Symptoms

 

 

• The symptoms of respiratory disease differ depending on the disease. Common symptoms are:
• General malaise
• Shortness of breath or dyspnea which usually occurs with exercise and can interfere with daily activities. In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur while resting.
• Cough with or without the production of sputum.
• Coughing blood (haemoptysis).It is very painful.
• Chest pain. This may or may not be pleuritic chest pain (that is pain that worsens with the movements of breathing).

 

 

 

 

• Noisy breathing, either wheeze or stridor.

 

• Somnolence.
• Loss of appetite.
• Weight loss.
• Cachexia
• Cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips, tongue or fingers.
• In some cases respiratory disease is diagnosed without symptoms in the investigation of another disease or through a routine check.

 

 

 

 

 

• Diagnostic tests
• Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests
• Chest x-ray
• Pulmonary function test
• Computed tomography scan
• Culture of microorganisms from secretions such as sputum
• Bronchoscopy
• Biopsy of the lung or pleura
• Ventilation - perfusion scan
• Ultrasound scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion

 

 

 

 

 

• Treatment

 

• Treatment of respiratory disease depends on the particular disease being treated, the severity of disease and the patient. Lifestyle factors such as regular exercise and healthy nutrition are important in preventing and treating respiratory disease. Vaccination can prevent some respiratory diseases. In addition, the following treatments are often used for respiratory diseases:

 

• Medication, often given in an inhaled form
• Corticosteroids
• Bronchodilators
• Antibiotics
• Anticoagulants
• Cancer chemotherapy
• Immune suppressants
• Physiotherapy
• Oxygen
• Mechanical ventilation
• Liquid ventilation (or Liquid breathing)
• Surfactant Replacement Therapy
• Radiotherapy
• Surgery
• Removal of a cancer e.g. lobectomy, pneumonectomy
• Pleurodesis
• Lung volume reduction surgery
• Lung transplantation
• Artificial lung

 

 

Respiratory diseases

Respiratory diseases should always be classified in many different ways; by the organs involved, by the pattern of symptoms or by the cause of the disease.

• Obstructive lung diseases
• Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung where the bronchial tubes become narrowed making it hard to move air in and especially out of the lung.

 

• Restrictive lung diseases
• Restrictive lung diseases (also known as interstitial lung diseases) are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance,causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness. E.g. in infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
• Respiratory tract infections
• Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections.

 

• Upper respiratory tract infection
• The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold however, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.

 

• Lower respiratory tract infection
• The most common lower respiratory tract infection in is pneumonia, a lung infection. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries. Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection or an empyema, the spread of the infection to the pleural cavity
• Respiratory tumors
• Tumours of the respiratory system are either malignant or benign

 

Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting, such as the common cold, to life-threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer.

The study of respiratory disease is known as pulmonology. A doctor who specializes in respiratory disease is known as a pulmonologist, a chest medicine specialist, a respiratory medicine specialist, a respirologist or a thoracic medicine specialist.

UBET Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause (etiology) of the disease.

 

 

Epidemiology

Respiratory disease is a common and significant cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately 1 billion "common colds" occur each year.it maybe caused by smoking. A study found that in 2010, there were approximately 6.8 million emergency department visits for respiratory disorders in the U.S. for patients under the age of 18.

In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes asthma,chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.

Upper respiratory tract infection

The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold. However, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections.

Lower respiratory tract infection

The most common lower respiratory tract infection is pneumonia, an infection of the lungs which is usually caused by bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries. Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                             CONCLUSION

 

Respiratory Disease is the term for diseases of the respiratory system. These include diseases of the lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, upper respiratory tract and of the nerves and muscles of breathing. Respiratory diseases range from mild and self-limiting such as the common cold to life-threatening such as bacterial pneumonia or pulmonary embolism.